Further research activities on this portal have been suspended due to
shifting priorities within HPCR. Since the current database contains
valuable information for practitioners, HPCR intends to keep this portal
available in its current state.
One of the major costs of rapid industrialization in Indonesia has been urban pollution. The country’s urban population
rose to 30% in 1995 from 15% in 1970. The concentration of people and economic activities without a sound government
policy to support them prompted serious water and land pollution.
Industrial pollution and vehicle emissions are the main causes of air pollution in metropolitan areas. People living
in urban areas also face water pollution. A recent study by the Ministry of Health in Indonesia indicates that 40.6% of
all water supplies in urban areas are contaminated with fecal waste due to poor sewerage and sanitation system. The urban
solid waste, toxic waste, chemicals and pesticides pose another threat to land pollution. In addition, large landfills
increase the level of methane gas and carbon dioxide in the air.
